SSpaceship courtesy of Mauricio Medina
According to Thomas Richards, in his book, The Meaning of Star Trek,"science fiction works fill the void of our own knowledge by drawing on the historical experience of earth's own age of exploration." The first explorers like Magellan, Cortes, and Columbus, were invaders as well as explorers, providing the term, conquistadors. Historically, there is no such thing as exploration for exploration's sake. Exploration leads to empire, and empire leads to war. Edward Said states that "the development of empire was done at the expense and destruction of societies and culture through violence." Several science fiction works reflect on human transgression through the narrative of space exploration and conquest.

Science fiction works, like Robert Heinlein's novel, Stranger in a Strange Land, accounts a human exploration mission to observe if Earth humans could survive on Mars. During the tail of the mission after two generations have passed, they bring a hybrid (half human half Martian) to earth. The delivery of the martian is aimed do comparative studies on the hybrid's biological,psychological and emotional adaptation to earth. This narrative expresses the displacement factor of aliens during human involvement in space exploration.

According to Octavia Butler, science fiction gives writers of color an opportunity to express the accounts, the emotions and the psychological factors of forced "displacement". Such sci-fi narratives of forced displacement relate the to the historical experiences of people of color during slavery and labor migration. Click here for the "alien "other "

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